Media Release SP Group Holds Its First Volunteers Festival, Launching Toolkit to Enlarge Its Volunteering Footprint Singapore, 4 October 2023 – Empowering employees to volunteer regularly and creating pathways for them to do so easily. SP Group (SP) has reaffirmed this commitment at its inaugural Volunteers Festival, held at the kick-off of its largest annual staff volunteer initiative. SP aims to encourage all its business units to participate in volunteer activities that the company organises throughout the year. SP has also launched Heart at Work: A Guide to Corporate Volunteering, to provide tips on ways for anyone to volunteer, matching interest and talents with various needs in the community. Drawing from the company’s decade-long experience in sustained and coordinated volunteerism, the guide aims to inspire more of its 3,700 employees to embark on their journey of creating meaningful impact and influence their colleagues, family and friends. The guide also serves as a toolkit for organisations looking to build their corporate volunteering culture. The festival at SP’s head office culminated in the flag-off of SP Power Packs – the company’s largest annual volunteer initiative. Staff volunteers, known as SP Heart Workers, deliver care packs of essential items to 10,000 lower-income households throughout the year. The initiative was scaled up five folds in 2022 to its current scope. SP has also extended the reach of the packs, from seniors to social service users across to age spectrum, such as children and youth. The items in the packs are customised according to the different age segments. Speaking at the festival, SP Group’s Chairman, Ms Leong Wai Leng, said, “SP Group is committed to ensuring that our contributions to the community are made in a sustained manner, and have a lasting impact. We have created pathways for staff to be involved by sharing their time and talent. No effort is too small. It could go a long way to brightening someone’s day, extending companionship or being a mentor or role model to the next generation.” By volunteering together, staff enjoy team bonding while alleviating the operational load of social service agencies. Besides Power Packs, activities include exercise sessions and outings for seniors, packing and distributing learning resources and conducting reading programmes for children, as well as sports activities and learning journeys for youth. These efforts complement SP’s philanthropic contributions to programmes for seniors, children and youth. Ms Leong, joined by SP’s Board members, Executive Leadership Team and union leaders, flagged off the Power Packs convoy. Leading the line-up were SP Heart Workers driving SP’s electric vehicles and others in their own vehicles. Electric vehicles now make up close to 40 per cent of SP’s vehicle fleet. The Festival featured SP Heart Workers sharing their experiences. SP’s partners AMKFSC, KidSTART Singapore, TOUCH Community Services, and Youth Guidance Outreach Services were also present with stories of how volunteers play a pivotal role in uplifting beneficiaries and improving their quality of life. To understand SP’s corporate giving and volunteer initiatives, please visit https://spgrp.sg/csr. Heart at Work: A Guide to Corporate Volunteering may be downloaded at https://spgrp.sg/heartatwork. - End - About SP Group SP Group is a leading utilities group in the Asia Pacific, empowering the future of energy with low-carbon, smart energy solutions for its customers. It owns and operates electricity and gas transmission and distribution businesses in Singapore and Australia, as well as sustainable energy solutions in Singapore, China, Thailand and Vietnam. As Singapore’s national grid operator, about 1.6 million industrial, commercial and residential customers benefit from its world-class transmission, distribution and market support services. These networks are amongst the most reliable and cost-effective worldwide. Beyond traditional utilities services, SP Group provides a suite of sustainable and renewable energy solutions such as microgrids, cooling and heating systems for business districts and residential townships, solar energy solutions, electric vehicle fast-charging stations and digital energy solutions for customers in Singapore and the region. For more information, please visit spgroup.com.sg or follow us on Facebook at spgrp.sg/Facebook, LinkedIn at spgrp.sg/Linkedin and Instagram at spgrp.sg/Instagram. 

Consumption_Elect Average consumption of Electricity (kWh) Premises Types Jul-24 Aug-24 Sep-24 Oct-24 Nov-24 Dec-24 Jan-25 Feb-25 Mar-25 Apr-25 May-25 Jun-25 Jul-25 Aug-25 Sep-25 Oct-25 Nov-25 Dec-25 Jan-26 Feb-26 Mar-26 Apr-26 May-26 Jun-26 HDB 1-Room 140 151 148 139 142 128 127 121 119 128 136 150 143 150 136 136 144 127 124 119 118 135 139 144 HDB 2-Room 183 198 192 183 186 166 168 161 156 169 181 195 190 195 177 177 188 164 165 158 158 181 185 192 HDB 3-Room 264 283 277 266 266 243 238 231 231 250 265 284 273 280 257 259 271 242 239 231 234 264 267 281 HDB 4-Room 360 385 381 363 365 338 327 320 309 341 363 390 381 388 358 355 377 334 330 322 325 365 369 388 HDB 5-Room 416 447 446 427 429 397 379 374 359 399 425 457 450 459 423 417 444 392 386 378 383 430 435 459 HDB Executive 515 546 548 520 523 481 462 458 445 495 522 562 554 562 520 513 546 478 472 462 474 525 528 557 Apartment 500 513 539 523 519 486 446 419 417 476 516 548 536 541 513 501 538 500 451 429 450 509 544 559 Terrace 838 847 885 851 851 785 747 744 714 775 823 881 848 866 817 818 836 785 734 735 722 788 830 870 Semi-Detached 1,128 1,126 1,168 1,137 1,141 1,056 1,000 974 960 1,031 1,080 1,173 1,123 1,121 1,072 1,056 1,107 1,016 951 940 939 1,007 1,073 1,132 Bungalow 2,220 2,121 2,347 2,192 2,190 2,012 2,004 1,872 1,904 2,016 2,154 2,244 2,175 2,168 2,190 2,074 2,202 2,040 1,950 1,863 1,918 2,054 2,212 2,279 Note: The figures exclude electricity consumption for PAYU customers and customers who are not purchasing electricity at the regulated tariff.

Media Release Mapletree Investments and Mapletree Pan Asia Commercial Trust Appoint SP Group to Build Distributed District Cooling System in HarbourFront Precinct SP’s second large-scale brownfield district cooling deployment, with expected carbon emissions reduction of about 13,700 tonnes over 20 years Singapore, 20 January 2026 - Mapletree Investments (“Mapletree” or “The Group”) and Mapletree Pan Asia Commercial Trust (“MPACT”) have appointed SP Group (“SP”) to design, build and operate a new Distributed District Cooling (“DDC”) system as part of Mapletree’s commitment to achieve Net Zero by 2050. The project will see one of Singapore’s largest brownfield district cooling deployments, supporting Mapletree’s plans to rejuvenate the HarbourFront Precinct and enhance building energy efficiency across the precinct. The DDC system will interconnect five buildings – Bank of America HarbourFront, the new HarbourFront Centre, the existing HarbourFront Towers 1 & 2 and VivoCity – supplying chilled water through three injection nodes. Instead of each building running its own chiller, buildings tap into a shared system that aggregates cooling demand, achieving economies of scale and improving cooling efficiency. This reduces operating costs and carbon emissions, while freeing up valuable space previously used for individual cooling plants for operational or commercial use. With an installed cooling capacity of 17,150 refrigeration tonnes, the DDC system is projected to achieve more than 5 per cent savings in cooling-related expenses annually through improved operational efficiency and economies of scale. Upon full implementation, the system is expected to be 8 per cent more energy-efficient than the National Environment Agency’s Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for water-cooled chilled water systems in industrial facilities. It will also reduce carbon emissions by about 13,700 tonnes over the 20-year operating period. This is comparable to the emissions from powering 550 three-room HDB households a year. Ms Amy Ng, Regional Chief Executive Officer, South East Asia and Group Retail of Mapletree, said, “The initiative to redevelop HarbourFront Centre presented the opportunity for a DDC system to be created at the HarbourFront Precinct. This allows assets in the precinct to achieve better space utilisation and shared savings while Mapletree embeds green solutions across our portfolio to reduce overall carbon footprint. We are very pleased to partner SP with MPACT on this project.” Ms Sharon Lim, Chief Executive Officer, MPACT Management Ltd., added, "The integration of a DDC system is a meaningful project that benefits all stakeholders. It delivers cost savings while supporting our collective sustainability objectives." “We are pleased to partner Mapletree in rejuvenating the HarbourFront Precinct with our sustainable solutions. The continued adoption of DDC in existing developments demonstrates the viability of cooling solutions in built-up environments. This project is a great example of how brownfield districts can be enhanced with centralised, energy-efficient cooling infrastructure to help buildings and developers meet their green targets.” said S Harsha, Managing Director, Sustainable Energy Solutions, SP Group. This marks Singapore’s second brownfield DDC deployment, following SP’s successful implementation at Tampines Central in March 2025. With more than 80 per cent of Singapore’s landscape being brownfield, expanding DDC in mature districts can significantly cut energy use and carbon emissions, supporting Singapore’s climate goals. The DDC network will be implemented over two phases commencing in 2027 and is targeted to be fully operational by 2031. Aligned with Singapore’s goal to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, the Building and Construction Authority’s Green Mark certification also encourages the adoption of DDC to promote energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings. Beyond this project, Mapletree and SP have also collaborated on multiple sustainability initiatives. This includes SP’s Utilities Management System deployed across the Mapletree Group with over 2,000 smart meters, enabling real-time tracking of utilities consumption for carbon reporting and energy efficiency improvements, as well as electric vehicle charging solutions to support Mapletree’s commitment to green mobility. Artist’s impression of the rejuvenated HarbourFront Precinct. The DDC network will be implemented over two phases commencing in 2027 and is targeted to be fully operational by 2031. Photo courtesy of Mapletree Investments. About Mapletree Headquartered in Singapore, Mapletree is a global real estate development, investment, capital and property management company committed to sustainability. Its strategic focus is to invest in markets and real estate sectors with good growth potential. By combining its key strengths, the Group has established a track record of award-winning projects, and delivers consistently attractive returns across real estate asset classes. The Group manages three Singapore-listed real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) and nine private equity real estate funds, which hold a diverse portfolio of assets in Asia Pacific, Europe, the United Kingdom (“UK”) and the United States (“US”). As at 31 March 2025, Mapletree owns and manages S$80.3 billion of logistics, office, data centre, student housing and other properties. The Group’s assets are located across 13 markets globally, namely Singapore, Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong SAR, India, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, the UK, the US and Vietnam. To support its global operations, Mapletree has established an extensive network of offices in these countries. For more information, please visit www.mapletree.com.sg. About Mapletree Pan Asia Commercial Trust MPACT is a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) positioned to be the proxy to key gateway markets of Asia. Listed on the Singapore Exchange Securities Limited on 27 April 2011, it made its public market debut as Mapletree Commercial Trust and was subsequently renamed MPACT on 3 August 2022 following the merger with Mapletree North Asia Commercial Trust. Its principal investment objective is to invest on a long-term basis, directly or indirectly, in a diversified portfolio of income-producing real estate used primarily for office and/or retail purposes, as well as real estate-related assets, in the key gateway markets of Asia (including but not limited to Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan and South Korea). MPACT’s portfolio comprises 15 commercial properties across five key gateway markets of Asia – four in Singapore, one in Hong Kong, two in China, seven in Japan and one in South Korea. They have a total lettable area of 10.4 million square feet independently valued at S$15.9 billion. For more information, please visit www.mapletreepact.com. About SP Group SP Group is a leading utilities provider in Asia Pacific, empowering the future of energy through low-carbon, smart solutions. It owns and operates electricity and gas transmission and distribution networks in Singapore and Australia. As Singapore’s national grid operator, SP Group serves approximately 1.7 million industrial, commercial, and residential customers with world-class transmission, distribution, and market support services. Beyond traditional utilities, SP Group delivers integrated sustainable energy solutions across Singapore, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. These solutions include district cooling and heating, renewable energy, EV charging infrastructure, and digital energy platforms tailored for districts, communities, and commercial and industrial customers.  For more information, please visit spgroup.com.sg or follow us on Facebook, LinkedIn and Instagram.

News Release SP Group Stands By Singapore Against COVID-19 Singapore, 6 March 2020 - Backing Singapore's fight against the COVID-19 outbreak, SP Group (SP) today announced a series of initiatives to show solidarity with the nation, and to support its staff and the wider community. Taking the lead, SP's Board of Directors will reduce their director fees by five per cent. The senior management team, comprising Vice Presidents and above, will reduce their performance bonuses for this financial year by one to two months. This translates to eight to 15 per cent of annual base salaries, increasing in quantum with staff seniority. In recognition of the dedication of frontline officers and to encourage them during this period, SP will make a special one-time payment of S$1,500 to more than 400 of its frontline officers. At the same time, SP would like to support the less privileged. SP is calling on its employees to contribute to the SP Heartware Fund. The company will match dollar-for-dollar for all staff donations. Started in 2005, the SP Heartware Fund supports programmes for senior citizens from low-income families. To date, it has raised more than S$14 million and reached out to more than 25,000 beneficiaries. -Ends- About SP Group SP Group is a leading energy utilities group in the Asia Pacific. It owns and operates electricity and gas transmission and distribution businesses in Singapore and Australia, and district cooling businesses in Singapore and China. SP Group is committed to providing customers with reliable and efficient energy utilities services. About 1.6 million industrial, commercial and residential customers in Singapore benefit from SP Group’s world-class transmission, distribution and market support services. These networks are amongst the most reliable and cost-effective world-wide. SP Group also drives digital solutions to empower customers to manage their utilities, reduce consumption and save cost. For more information, please visit spgroup.com.sg or for follow us on Facebook at fb.com/SPGroupSG and on Twitter @SPGroupSG.

Media Release Asia-Pacific Utilities Improve In SP Group’s 2019 Smart Grid Index Singapore, 31 October 2019 – Utilities in Asia Pacific nations made significant improvements in the 2019 Smart Grid Index (SGI) rankings with an overall improvement by 10 percentage points from 2018. Improvements were most notable in areas of integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER), security, and customer empowerment and satisfaction. The SGI is the world’s first industry framework that measures and benchmarks grid smartness across 75 utilities from 35 countries. Here are the key findings from the 2019 results: Asia-Pacific utilities have made significant improvements in DER integration, security and customer empowerment and satisfaction. This reflects the increasing importance of enhancing renewable energy penetration into the grid, cyber security defence and a greater focus on customer satisfaction. State Grid Beijing was the most improved utility in this year’s results, increasing its score by 29 percentage points – from 50 per cent in 2018 to 79 per cent in 2019. Ranked #9 on the SGI, it made significant improvements in the areas of data analytics, DER integration and security. Key contributions include its first large grid-connected energy storage system, use of predictive analytics for Asset Health Index, adoption of the National Cyber Security Protocol and providing real-time energy consumption monitoring to customers. North American utilities continue to lead in smart grid development. As a region, they improved by 8 percentage points in Data Analytics. This can be attributed to increasing smart meter coverage and wider data analytics application to their grid system. It makes planning, operating and maintaining the network more efficient, thereby providing better value to customers. Ranked #1 on the SGI is PG&E for the second year running. The American utility scored 93 per cent, improving by 7 percentage points from 2018. It continued to achieve best practices in Monitoring & Control, Data Analytics, DER Integration, Green Energy and Security, and improved its score on supply reliability. Globally, there is increasing focus on security, which on average increased by more than 13 percentage points. This comes on the back of greater emphasis on strengthening against cyber security threats to utilities SP Group, ranked 33, scoring 66 per cent this year, an improvement of 16 percentage points from its 2018 score, mainly in the areas of green energy, data analytics and customer empowerment and satisfaction. This was due to its efforts to install an island-wide highspeed electric vehicle charging network, provide half-hourly electricity usage with smart meters and achieving higher customer satisfaction scores. Mr. Sim Kwong Mian, Chairman of the SP Engineering Council said: “We are greatly encouraged that within a short two years, almost one-third of the utilities benchmarked improved by more than 10 percentage points. We see utilities advancing to counter the potential impact of climate change and security threats, while meeting customer demands and expectations.” A simple definition of a smart grid is an electricity network that integrates distributed energy resources and deploys technology to better serve customers. Distributed Energy Resources (DER) refer to energy technologies such as solar panels, energy storage systems, and electric cars and their charging points that can be connected to and respond to signals from the grid. The SGI’s seven key dimensions are: Monitoring and Control Data Analytics Supply Reliability Integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Green Energy Security Customer Empowerment and Satisfaction   SP Group developed the SGI last year to advance its own grid development and encourage the sharing of best practices. The SGI benchmarking results identify best practices in smart grid development by utilities to enhance service offerings, save cost, and be more sustainable. More information about the smart grid index can be found at https://www.spgroup.com.sg/whatwe-do/smart-grid-index. -Ends- About SP Group SP Group is a leading energy utilities group in the Asia Pacific. It owns and operates electricity and gas transmission and distribution businesses in Singapore and Australia, and district cooling businesses in Singapore and China. SP Group is committed to providing customers with reliable and efficient energy utilities services. More than 1.6 million industrial, commercial and residential customers in Singapore benefit from SP Group’s world-class transmission, distribution and market support services. These networks are amongst the most reliable and cost-effective world-wide. SP Group also drives digital solutions to empower customers to manage their utilities, reduce consumption and save cost. For more information, please visit spgroup.com.sg or for follow us on Facebook at fb.com/SPGroupSG and on Twitter @SPGroupSG

PRE-TURN-ON INFORMATION FOR NEW BTO APARTMENT OWNERS Dear Customer Congratulations on being the proud owner of your new BTO apartment. As our valued customer, we have specially arranged for your electricity and water supply to be made available even before you move in. To start using your electricity and water supply, turn on the electricity circuit breakers and water control valve. Please refer to the simple steps detailed in this booklet. Your Electricity Supply STEP 1 Please note the following: Your electricity meter is located outside your apartment either on the wall or in a service cupboard. Your distribution board is situated inside your apartment: Residual Current Circuit Breaker Miniature Circuit Breakers Main Circuit Breaker Before switching on your distribution board, please check your electrical system as detailed in Step 2. 1 STEP 2 Although your electrical system has been tested earlier, please inspect all wirings and fittings once more. If you notice any damages or loose fittings, please inform your HDB Branch Office at once. Do not start using electricity supply before the defect(s) are corrected. Exposed Wire Missing Distribution Board Damaged Power Point 2 STEP 3 If everything is in order, switch on your electricity supply as follows: 1) Push the operating lever of the Main Circuit Breaker upwards to the ‘ON’ position. 2) Switch on the Residual Current Circuit Breaker. 3) Switch on the Miniature Circuit Breakers one at a time. 4) If any of the operating levers do not remain in the ‘ON’ position, inform your HDB Branch Office. 3 2 1 3 Your Water Supply STEP 1 Your water meter is located either just outside your apartment or in a service cupboard. STEP 2 Turn the level of your ball valves at your wash basins and toilet cisterns to the ‘OPEN’ position. OPEN If there is no water supply, please call PUB’s contact centre, PUB-one, at 1800-225-5782. 4 STEP 3 Check your pipes for leaks by shutting all the taps. If the counter of the meter is moving, or if you notice water dripping from your pipes, taps, or toilet cistern, shut the control valve at the meter position and inform your HDB Branch Office at once. Should your premises be left vacant for an extended period, please shut the control valve at the meter position. To monitor your water consumption, please read your meter regularly. 5 Opening A Utilities Account This pre-turn-on facility has been provided for your convenience. If you have opened your utilities account after collecting your keys, we will take the readings of your electricity and water meters for billing purposes. If you have not yet opened your utilities account, please submit your application online via our SP app or SP website at www.spgroup.com.sg. You must do so within 3 days after collecting your keys, failing which the pre-turn-on facility will be withdrawn. 6 24-Hours Service & Operation Centres Electricity 1800-778-8888 (Toll-Free) Water (PUB-One) 1800-225-5782 (Toll-Free) Gas 1800-752-1800 (Toll-Free) SP Group No. 2, Kallang Sector Singapore 349277 Tel: 6916 8888 Co Registration No: 199504470N

BUILDINGCAREERS / Employer branding key to firm’s success BY REICO WONG C OMPANIES are known to devote much attention and resources to building up their identity and reputation among their business partners and clients, but many often neglect the other side of the coin – branding themselves within the company. After all, employees can be said to be a corporation’s most important stakeholders, without whom it would not be possible to carry out the company’s business. And, given today’s tight labour market where there’s a fierce battle for talent, developing a strong internal brand, or employer brand, can go a long way in helping companies attract and retain top personnel, said human-resource experts. Specifically, companies that invest in positioning themselves as an employer keenly interested in the development and welfare of its employees, and carry out these promises, have seen success. SP Services is a case in point. Mr Melvin Wong, 28, an assistant manager at SP Services’ project-management office, said that he is motivated to stay on with the company after 2 1 /2 years because the management actively creates training and development opportunities for its staff, not just leaving it to chance. While he joined the company as an executive in the firm’s business-development arm, Mr Wong was given the opportunity to move to the regulatory-affairs department just eight months later. He spent 1 1 /2 years there learning about macro issues affecting the company, such as regulatory policies laid down by the Government, and managing corporate profits and losses. Then, just last month, he joined the company’s project-management team on rotation. “Supervisors will have regular sit-down sessions with staff, ask you what you see yourself doing in three to five years’ time, and groom you for it if it’s aligned with organisational goals,” said Mr Wong. “I’m deeply appreciative of this as not all companies have the appetite to let staff explore opportunities laterally. Most prefer to hire individuals with experience in a particular role.” He added that his company strongly encourages work-life balance, and is “very open” to staff coming in slightly later, if necessary, as long as they deliver on their work. “It’s a big relief that they are so flexible as I’m very busy preparing for my wedding in December,” said Mr Wong, who also manages to find time to pursue hobbies like ballroom dancing after work. Besides that, SP Services has in place a strong telecommuting scheme. Its field team starts its assignments from home, instead of having to report to the office first. Technicians and meter readers, for example, receive their assignments through personal digital assistants, saving at least two hours each day in travelling time. A range of employee-support programmes has also been rolled out, including financial assistance for renovation, and subsidies for children’s education, gym memberships and personal-development courses. Mrs Jeanne Cheng, managing director of SP Services, said these are all part of the company’s strategy to help staff feel happy, fulfilled and cared for. “A company’s identity, image and reputation are reflected not only through its products and services. It has to start from within and resonate first with its employees,” she said. “Employees who feel a sense of belonging, ownership and pride will make it their personal mission to be ambassadors of the organisation – not because it is their job, but because they truly feel they are part of the company and want to make a valuable contribution.” This ultimately translates into better customer service, increased customer satisfaction and confidence, and strengthens brand equity, Mrs Cheng added. Mr Josh Goh, assistant director of corporate services at human-resource firm The GMP Group, noted that company culture plays a critical role in establishing an attractive employer brand. “Having a strong corporate reputation does not equate to a strong employer brand,” he said. “Internal practices and policies should be reviewed regularly so that they are kept up-to-date with changing times.” Ms Shauna Li, principal consultant at BrandHub, pointed out that employer branding is not just the responsibility of the human-resource department. The human-resource team needs to have strong connection with the operations team and to have deep understanding of both operational requirements and employee needs. Managers also need to be roped in to ensure that employee-centric policies are carried out and that flexibility is given, she said. “Keeping in touch with company alumni is also very important in terms of word-of-mouth referrals about the company to future employees and potential clients,” said Ms Li. “Opportunities for current staff to interact with alumni is important so that they can learn more about the history of the firm and develop a stronger sense of belonging.” reicow@sph.com.sg Branding: 品 牌 推 广 工 作 pĭn pái tuī guăng gōng zuò Work-life balance: 工 作 与 生 活 的 平 衡 gōng zuò yǔ shēng huó de píng héng Sense of belonging: 归 属 感 guī shŭ găn Referrals: 介 绍 jiè shào THIS SPONSORED PAGE IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE GMP GROUP

Lighting the way: Following in his father’s footsteps to keep S’pore’s power grid running 24/7 RELIABILITY Abd Fazil Hussain (right) with his son, Muhammad Shalihin Abd Fazil, who will join SP Group for an eight-month internship in 2025. Inspired by his father’s passion and commitment, Shalihin is pursuing a degree in electrical power engineering with a Singapore-Industry Scholarship in partnership with SP Group. He is set to join his father, Fazil, at SP Group as an intern. Fazil, a technical officer with SPPG has been with SP Group for nearly three decades. He has also benefitted from an SP Group sponsorship to pursue a part-time diploma course in electrical engineering. Read more here. - 6 Jan 2025 TAGS PEOPLE OF SP YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED TO READ Ground feedback, digital tools: How she helps 8,000 workers end their day safely Faster repairs, fewer disruptions: Meet the innovative teams using smart tech to keep your piped gas supply flowing Engineer, 27, shares how she is undaunted by male-dominated energy industry & climbs the ranks

今 起 至 下 周 一 基 本 应 急 包 发 给 全 国 家 庭 ▲ 从 即 日 起 至 5 月 12 日 , 邮 差 派 信 时 会 把 应 急 包 投 进 住 家 信 箱 里 。( 图 / 早 报 ) 提 醒 国 人 未 雨 绸 缪 , 全 国 120 万 户 将 获 基 本 应 急 包 。 从 今 天 起 , 全 国 120 万 户 家 庭 将 陆 续 收 到 一 个 基 本 应 急 包 , 里 头 有 三 片 N95 口 罩 、 图 文 并 茂 的 口 罩 佩 戴 指 南 和 紧 急 联 络 号 码 。 这 个 由 淡 马 锡 关 怀 基 金 会 、 新 加 坡 能 源 公 司 和 新 加 坡 邮 政 共 同 推 出 的 “ 未 雨 绸 缪 基 本 应 急 包 计 划 ”(‘Stay Prepared’Starter Kits Programme), 目 的 是 为 唤 醒 国 人 的 危 机 意 识 , 养 成 未 雨 绸 缪 的 习 惯 。 接 下 来 一 个 星 期 ( 即 日 起 至 12 日 ), 邮 差 会 在 派 信 时 把 应 急 包 投 进 住 家 信 箱 , 每 天 能 派 送 给 约 20 万 至 30 万 户 家 庭 。 除 了 普 通 住 户 外 ,144 家 福 利 机 构 也 将 收 到 共 计 1 万 7000 个 基 本 应 急 包 。 淡 马 锡 控 股 今 年 3 月 宣 布 拨 款 4000 万 元 成 立 紧 急 预 备 基 金 , 并 拨 出 400 万 元 资 助 基 本 应 急 包 ▲ 每 个 应 急 包 里 , 会 有 三 片 N95 口 罩 。( 图 / 早 报 ) 计 划 , 让 公 众 了 解 为 紧 急 情 况 做 好 准 备 的 必 要 性 。 选 择 以 口 罩 作 为 应 急 包 的 基 本 配 件 , 主 要 是 为 了 提 醒 新 加 坡 人 为 可 能 再 次 来 袭 的 烟 霾 做 好 准 , 避 免 口 罩 难 求 的 局 面 历 史 重 演 。 淡 马 锡 关 怀 基 金 会 主 席 马 格 纳 斯 说 , 每 户 家 庭 只 分 得 三 片 口 罩 , 正 是 希 望 以 “ 去 哪 里 添 置 更 多 口 罩 ” 为 第 一 步 , 促 使 公 众 思 考 如 何 逐 步 充 实 应 急 包 , 养 成 未 雨 绸 缪 的 思 维 习 惯 。 公 众 从 即 日 起 可 拨 打 热 线 电 话 1 8 0 0 7382000( 每 天 上 午 8 时 至 晚 上 8 时 ) 查 询 应 急 包 的 派 送 情 况 , 这 条 热 线 将 开 放 到 24 日 ( 星 期 六 )。

Search SP Group Boosts Electric Mobility Capabilities via Investment in The Mobility Househttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/SP-Group-Boosts-Electric-Mobility-Capabilities-via-Investment-in-The-Mobility-House Media Release SP Group Boosts Electric Mobility Capabilities via Investment in The Mobility House Singapore/Munich/Zurich, 3 September 2020 – SP Group (SP) today announced a strategic investment in The Mobility House AG (TMH) to explore smart charging1 (V1G) and vehicle-to-grid2 (V2G) feasibility [20200903] Joint News Release - SP Group Boosts Electric Mobility Capabilities via Investment in The Mobility Househttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/dam/spgroup/wcm/connect/spgrp/3885980d-054e-4cbb-a25f-b9029e3591e3/%5B20200903%5D+Joint+News+Release+-+SP+Group+Boosts+Electric+Mobility+Capabilities+via+Investment+in+The+Mobility+House.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID= Joint News Release SP GROUP BOOSTS ELECTRIC MOBILITY CAPABILITIES VIA INVESTMENT IN THE MOBILITY HOUSE Singapore/Munich/Zurich, 3 September 2020 – SP Group (SP) today announced a strategic investment in The Mobility House AG (TMH) to explore smart charging 1 (V1G) and vehicle-togrid 2 (V2G Searchhttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/search?tag=mobility Search SP Group Boosts Electric Mobility Capabilities via Investment in The Mobility Househttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/SP-Group-Boosts-Electric-Mobility-Capabilities-via-Investment-in-The-Mobility-House Media Release SP Group Boosts Electric Mobility HSBC Asset Management Energy Transition Infrastructure (ETI) Team Invests in a Strategic Stake in SP Mobilityhttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/HSBC-ASSET-MANAGEMENT-ENERGY-TRANSITION-INFRASTRUCTURE--ETI--TEAM-INVESTS-IN-A-STRATEGIC-STAKE-IN-SP-MOBILITY Joint Media Release HSBC Asset Management Energy Transition Infrastructure (ETI) Team Invests in a Strategic Stake in SP Mobility Singapore, 11 February 2025 – HSBC Asset Management (“HSBC AM”) today announces an investment1 by its Energy Transition Infrastructure (“ETI”) team in SP Mobility, an SP Hyundai+Motor+Launches+E-mobility+Pilot+in+Singapore+with+SP+Group+and+Komoco.pdfhttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/dam/spgroup/wcm/connect/spgrp/30af18e8-68dc-498a-b697-afde62be1c9d/Hyundai+Motor+Launches+E-mobility+Pilot+in+Singapore+with+SP+Group+and+Komoco.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID= Hyundai Motor Group Launches ‘E-mobility Pilot’ in Singapore with SP Group and Komoco Motors to Enhance EV Customer Experience • Pilot program to offer real-time EV battery management solution, preventive maintenance, EV charging credits and V2V mobile charging for EV owners in Singapore • EV ChargEco EV charging points handed over to SP Mobility | The Straits Timeshttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/dam/spgroup/pdf/media-coverage/2026/-20260702--The-Straits-Times---ChargEco-joins-SP-Mobility.pdf Over 1,000 ChargEco EV charging points handed over to SP Mobility after completion of deal Sign up now: Get ST's newsletters delivered to your inbox During the transition, users can continue to access ChargEco’s charging points through their existing app. ST PHOTO: GAVIN FOO Lee Nian Tjoe Published Hyundai Motor Group Launches ‘E-mobility Pilot’ in Singapore with SP Group and Komoco Motors to Enhance EV Customer Experiencehttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/Hyundai-Motor-Launches--E-mobility-Pilot--in-Singapore-with-SP-Group-and-Komoco News Release Hyundai Motor Group Launches ‘E-mobility Pilot’ in Singapore with SP Group and Komoco Motors to Enhance EV Customer Experience Pilot program to offer real-time EV battery management solution, preventive maintenance, EV charging credits and V2V mobile charging for EV owners in Singapore [30062022]+Media+Release+-+BMS+and+SP+to+pilot+SG's+first+electric+car+sharing+programme+in+Tengah.pdfhttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/dam/spgroup/wcm/connect/spgrp/7aacef70-9cf0-44e6-8484-b84ac03837ec/%5B30062022%5D+Media+Release+-+BMS+and+SP+to+pilot+SG's+first+electric+car+sharing+programme+in+Tengah.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID= News Release BORNEO MOTORS SINGAPORE AND SP GROUP TO PILOT SINGAPORE’S FIRST ELECTRIC CAR-SHARING PROGRAMME IN TENGAH, SINGAPORE’S FIRST INTEGRATED SMART ENERGY TOWN • The partnership aims to accelerate Singapore’s transition to green mobility by increasing awareness on sustainable mobility Borneo Motors Singapore and SP Group to Pilot Singapore’s First Electric Car-Sharing Programme in Tengah, Singapore’s First Integrated Smart Energy Townhttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/Borneo-Motors-Singapore-and-SP-Group-to-pilot-Singapore-s-first-electric-car-sharing-programme-in-Tengah--Singapore-s-first-integrated-smart-energy-town News Release Borneo Motors Singapore and SP Group to Pilot Singapore’s First Electric Car-Sharing Programme in Tengah, Singapore’s First Integrated Smart Energy Town • The partnership aims to accelerate Singapore's transition to green mobility by increasing awareness on sustainable mobility SP Group launches Tengah’s First Public EV Chargers, Expanding Singapore’s Green Mobility Networkhttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/SP-Group-launches-Tengah-s-First-Public-EV-Chargers--Expanding-Singapore-s-Green-Mobility-Network Media Release SP Group launches Tengah’s First Public EV Chargers, Expanding Singapore’s Green Mobility Network 25 February 2025, Singapore – SP Group (SP) today launched the first electric vehicle (EV) charging points in Tengah estate, Singapore’s first and largest smart and sustainable town Our Integrated EV Charging Solutionshttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/sustainable-energy-solutions/electric-vehicle-solutions/our-integrated-ev-charging-solutions OverviewSP MobilityFor DriversFor PartnersCharger Locations Our Integrated EV Charging Solutions Catalysing sustainable mobility SP mobility is committed to accelerate Singapore’s transition to sustainable mobility by building Singapore’s largest high-speed EV charging network. We are nurturing SP Mobility and Huawei to Launch Singapore’s Fastest Public EV Charger at Temasek Polytechnichttps://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/sp-mobility-huawei-to-launch-singapore-fastest-public-ev-charger-at-temasek-polytechnic Media Release SP Mobility and Huawei to Launch Singapore’s Fastest Public EV Charger at Temasek Polytechnic [SINGAPORE, 8 July 2025] – Charging of electric vehicles (EVs) will now be super swift with the launch of Singapore’s first liquid-cooled ultra-fast direct current charger – the fastest 1 2 3 4 5 ..... 13

12 2025 年 11 月 6 日 星 期 四 新 加 坡 宏 茂 桥 与 义 顺 组 屋 深 夜 两 通 勤 工 具 火 患 八 人 送 院 250 人 疏 散 民 防 部 队 提 醒 公 众 切 勿 长 时 间 或 过 夜 充 电 个 人 代 步 工 具 或 电 动 脚 踏 车 , 也 不 要 购 买 或 使 用 非 原 装 的 电 池 , 避 免 个 人 代 步 工 具 或 电 动 脚 踏 车 引 起 火 患 。 董 柏 汝 报 道 dongbairu@sph.com.sg 涉 及 活 跃 通 勤 工 具 的 火 患 一 再 发 生 , 宏 茂 桥 和 义 顺 在 三 个 半 小 时 里 发 生 两 起 火 患 , 八 人 送 院 , 共 有 近 250 名 居 民 半 夜 紧 急 疏 散 。 宏 茂 桥 组 屋 电 梯 口 起 火 火 患 导 致 断 电 逾 16 小 时 第 一 起 火 患 发 生 在 星 期 二 (11 月 4 日 ) 晚 上 11 时 15 分 , 地 点 在 宏 茂 桥 四 道 第 641 座 组 屋 八 楼 , 停 放 在 八 楼 电 梯 口 的 一 辆 行 动 辅 助 工 具 (PMA) 突 然 起 火 。 根 据 民 防 部 队 的 脸 书 发 文 , 民 防 人 员 到 场 用 一 支 水 枪 将 火 扑 灭 。 《 联 合 早 报 》 记 者 星 期 三 (5 日 ) 下 午 走 访 现 场 时 发 现 , 八 楼 电 梯 口 的 墙 壁 已 被 熏 得 焦 黑 一 片 , 烟 熏 痕 迹 一 直 延 伸 到 两 三 个 单 位 外 , 电 梯 无 法 操 作 , 三 四 名 维 修 工 人 忙 着 在 电 梯 口 抢 修 电 线 。 居 民 告 诉 记 者 , 火 患 导 致 的 为 提 升 能 源 与 水 资 源 管 理 效 率 , 全 岛 的 国 防 设 施 将 安 装 智 能 电 表 和 水 表 , 推 动 防 务 设 施 向 智 能 化 和 可 持 续 发 展 迈 进 。 国 防 科 技 局 和 新 加 坡 能 源 集 团 (SP Group) 星 期 三 (11 月 5 日 ) 联 合 发 布 文 告 宣 布 , 新 能 源 集 团 将 负 责 在 全 岛 国 防 设 施 安 装 智 能 电 表 和 水 表 。 断 电 已 经 持 续 超 过 16 小 时 , 造 成 不 便 。 PMA 的 主 人 是 71 岁 的 黄 姓 妇 女 。 她 受 访 时 说 , 起 火 的 PMA 使 用 超 过 四 年 , 大 约 半 年 前 因 电 池 故 障 无 法 更 换 , 过 后 便 一 直 闲 置 在 电 梯 口 , 事 发 时 也 没 在 充 电 。 同 层 邻 居 安 吉 琳 (32 岁 ) 说 , 平 常 不 时 有 人 往 PMA 的 篮 子 里 扔 垃 圾 、 烟 蒂 , 她 怀 疑 是 未 完 全 熄 灭 的 烟 蒂 引 发 火 患 。 九 楼 居 民 丁 (Din,39 岁 , 送 餐 员 ) 透 露 , 他 晚 上 听 见 声 响 , 打 开 房 门 时 , 客 厅 已 经 浓 烟 弥 漫 。 担 心 住 在 八 楼 、 患 有 哮 喘 的 父 亲 , 立 即 下 楼 查 看 , 发 现 停 在 电 梯 口 的 PMA 已 经 着 火 。 “ 住 在 五 楼 的 两 个 朋 友 得 知 发 生 火 患 , 找 了 三 瓶 干 粉 灭 火 器 跑 上 楼 尝 试 灭 火 , 我 也 连 忙 把 父 母 扶 到 楼 下 的 安 全 处 。 民 防 人 员 不 久 后 赶 抵 , 用 水 枪 把 火 扑 灭 。” 民 防 在 这 起 事 故 中 疏 散 大 约 200 名 居 民 , 四 人 因 吸 入 浓 烟 送 院 治 疗 。 火 患 的 起 因 还 在 调 查 中 。 全 岛 国 防 设 施 将 安 装 智 能 电 表 及 水 表 在 协 议 下 , 新 能 源 集 团 将 负 责 这 些 电 表 和 水 表 的 安 装 、 操 作 和 维 护 。 这 些 智 能 计 量 器 将 部 署 在 新 加 坡 武 装 部 队 的 各 个 营 区 和 设 施 。 每 台 设 备 都 会 把 数 据 传 到 智 能 设 施 管 理 系 统 , 让 用 电 用 水 情 况 更 透 明 以 及 可 追 踪 。 收 集 到 的 数 据 可 以 帮 助 分 析 维 修 工 人 事 发 后 到 场 抢 修 电 线 , 希 望 尽 快 恢 复 宏 茂 桥 组 屋 的 电 流 供 应 。 ( 张 俊 杰 摄 ) 义 顺 一 单 位 凌 晨 起 火 四 人 送 院 40 居 民 疏 散 约 三 个 半 小 时 后 , 义 顺 44 街 第 475B 座 组 屋 一 个 三 楼 单 位 在 星 期 三 凌 晨 起 火 , 所 幸 民 防 迅 速 赶 到 , 把 火 势 控 制 下 来 。 新 加 坡 民 防 部 队 答 复 《 联 合 早 报 》 询 问 时 说 , 民 防 在 凌 晨 2 时 25 分 接 获 通 知 , 停 放 组 屋 客 厅 的 一 辆 个 人 代 步 工 具 (PMD) 起 火 。 使 用 情 况 、 追 踪 使 用 模 式 , 还 能 在 发 现 异 常 ( 比 如 可 能 漏 水 或 用 量 过 大 ) 时 发 出 警 报 。 国 防 科 技 局 还 和 新 能 源 集 团 一 起 开 发 了 分 析 工 具 和 定 制 功 能 , 让 各 营 区 和 设 施 能 以 数 据 为 根 据 做 决 策 。 通 过 这 些 数 据 , 管 理 人 员 还 可 以 针 对 用 量 高 的 区 域 采 取 节 能 措 施 , 减 少 浪 费 和 环 境 影 响 。 为 了 安 全 起 见 , 警 察 与 民 防 疏 散 了 大 约 40 名 居 民 。 失 火 单 位 里 的 四 人 因 吸 入 浓 烟 送 入 新 加 坡 中 央 医 院 治 疗 。 起 火 原 因 有 待 进 一 步 确 定 。 为 预 防 个 人 代 步 工 具 或 电 动 脚 踏 车 引 发 的 火 患 , 民 防 部 队 提 醒 公 众 , 切 勿 长 时 间 或 过 夜 充 电 个 人 代 步 工 具 或 电 动 脚 踏 车 , 也 不 要 购 买 或 使 用 非 原 装 的 电 池 。 文 告 指 出 , 智 能 设 施 管 理 系 统 是 新 能 源 集 团 智 慧 绿 色 建 筑 解 决 方 案 的 一 部 分 , 也 能 帮 助 工 业 和 商 业 建 筑 实 现 可 持 续 发 展 目 标 。 国 防 科 技 局 局 长 黄 泽 升 说 : “ 部 署 这 些 智 能 电 表 标 志 着 我 们 在 运 用 科 技 优 化 资 源 效 率 方 面 迈 出 了 重 要 一 步 。 这 将 提 升 电 力 和 水 资 源 的 测 量 与 管 理 水 平 , 也 体 现 了 防 务 部 门 致 力 打 造 更 智 能 、 更 可 持 续 环 境 的 承 诺 。” 新 能 源 集 团 总 裁 黄 天 源 强 调 , 与 国 防 科 技 局 合 作 , 将 绿 色 能 源 技 术 引 入 全 岛 防 务 设 施 , 是 推 动 关 键 基 础 设 施 可 持 续 发 展 的 重 要 举 措 。 这 也 有 助 于 提 升 新 加 坡 公 共 部 门 的 能 源 与 资 源 管 理 水 平 。 进 入 绿 林 探 索 生 态 环 境 我 国 首 任 驻 华 大 使 郑 东 发 逝 世 享 年 96 岁 吕 爱 丽 报 道 oilailai@sph.com.sg 我 国 首 任 驻 中 国 大 使 郑 东 发 星 期 二 (11 月 4 日 ) 逝 世 , 享 年 96 岁 。 郑 东 发 10 月 9 日 中 风 , 到 国 大 医 院 接 受 治 疗 , 约 一 周 前 转 至 雅 西 西 慈 怀 病 院 , 星 期 二 安 详 离 世 。 他 的 儿 子 星 期 三 (5 日 ) 下 午 在 脸 书 发 文 忆 述 :“ 父 亲 是 个 沉 默 寡 言 的 人 , 更 少 流 露 情 感 。 但 他 始 终 关 心 着 我 们 , 确 保 我 们 的 一 切 都 安 好 无 恙 。” 郑 东 发 在 1991 年 至 1998 年 担 任 新 加 坡 驻 华 大 使 , 是 我 国 与 中 国 建 交 后 , 向 中 国 派 遣 的 首 位 大 使 。 在 派 驻 中 国 前 , 他 在 1988 年 至 1991 年 担 任 驻 日 本 大 使 , 同 时 于 1988 年 至 1990 年 兼 任 驻 韩 国 大 使 。 他 在 2004 年 退 休 前 , 是 我 国 巡 回 大 使 。 外 交 部 在 星 期 三 (5 日 ) 发 出 的 文 告 中 , 形 容 郑 东 发 是 “ 一 位 尽 职 尽 责 的 公 务 员 ”, 在 外 交 部 任 职 期 间 为 我 国 外 交 政 策 做 出 了 卓 越 贡 献 。 文 告 说 , 在 北 京 任 职 期 间 , 郑 东 发 致 力 于 促 进 新 中 领 导 人 之 间 的 密 切 关 系 , 提 升 了 新 加 坡 发 展 经 验 的 影 响 力 。 他 参 与 了 新 中 首 个 政 府 间 合 作 项 目 —— 苏 州 工 业 园 区 的 创 建 和 发 展 , 这 个 项 目 至 今 仍 是 双 边 合 作 的 基 石 。 郑 东 发 也 与 中 国 高 层 官 员 建 立 了 广 泛 联 系 , 并 积 极 推 动 新 中 人 才 交 流 , 促 进 两 国 深 厚 的 相 互 了 解 和 密 切 的 民 间 往 来 , 这 些 至 今 仍 在 支 撑 着 双 边 关 系 。 文 告 还 说 , 郑 东 发 在 担 任 驻 日 和 驻 韩 大 使 期 间 打 下 的 基 础 , 让 新 加 坡 与 这 两 个 国 家 建 立 了 实 质 性 的 双 边 关 系 。 外 交 部 长 维 文 医 生 向 郑 东 发 的 家 人 致 以 深 切 慰 问 , 形 容 郑 东 发 “ 为 新 加 坡 与 中 国 、 韩 国 和 日 本 的 外 交 关 系 发 展 做 出 了 持 久 且 至 关 重 要 的 贡 献 ”。 外 交 部 常 任 秘 书 蔡 艾 伯 忆 述 与 郑 东 发 共 事 的 经 历 说 :“ 郑 博 士 是 一 位 开 拓 型 的 外 交 官 和 尽 职 尽 责 的 公 务 员 。 在 两 国 历 史 的 关 键 时 期 , 他 睿 智 的 建 言 和 奉 献 精 神 , 为 新 加 坡 与 中 国 的 外 交 关 系 奠 定 了 基 础 。” 本 地 最 大 室 内 自 然 主 题 游 乐 场 21 日 开 放 郑 东 发 长 期 在 公 共 领 域 服 务 ,1991 年 至 1998 年 派 驻 中 国 , 是 我 国 首 任 驻 华 大 使 。 ( 海 峡 时 报 ) 据 一 些 外 交 官 了 解 , 郑 东 发 在 担 任 驻 华 大 使 期 间 , 与 一 些 中 国 领 导 人 建 立 了 密 切 关 系 , 有 时 还 会 与 个 别 中 国 高 层 一 同 垂 钓 。 成 为 外 交 官 之 前 , 郑 东 发 曾 在 多 个 政 府 部 门 工 作 。 他 1957 年 在 英 国 格 拉 斯 哥 大 学 取 得 兽 医 学 士 学 位 后 加 入 原 产 局 ( 农 粮 兽 医 局 前 身 , 现 已 改 为 食 品 局 ), 开 启 长 达 47 年 的 公 共 服 务 生 涯 。 成 为 外 交 官 之 前 , 郑 东 发 曾 在 不 同 政 府 部 门 工 作 , 担 任 过 国 家 发 展 部 常 任 秘 书 、 文 化 部 常 任 秘 书 、 市 区 重 建 局 主 席 , 以 及 建 屋 发 展 局 主 席 。 本 地 华 语 电 视 剧 重 要 推 手 在 文 化 部 任 职 期 间 , 他 也 兼 任 新 加 坡 广 播 局 总 经 理 , 及 后 来 的 新 广 副 主 席 , 被 认 为 是 新 加 坡 华 语 电 视 剧 在 1980 年 代 起 飞 的 重 要 推 手 。 本 地 资 深 华 文 媒 体 人 朱 亮 亮 不 久 前 在 一 篇 有 关 新 加 坡 媒 体 环 境 变 化 的 文 章 中 提 及 , 新 加 坡 广 播 电 视 台 在 1980 年 改 名 为 新 加 坡 广 播 局 ,“ 新 上 任 的 领 导 郑 东 发 先 生 带 来 了 一 股 新 气 象 ”, 他 招 揽 了 一 大 批 香 港 电 视 人 到 新 加 坡 , 从 《 实 里 达 大 劫 案 》 到 《 雾 锁 南 洋 》,“ 新 加 坡 电 视 剧 一 路 挺 进 , 打 入 国 际 市 场 ”。 郑 东 发 的 儿 子 在 脸 书 贴 文 中 也 回 忆 :“ 至 今 仍 记 得 , 当 年 有 幸 在 电 视 播 出 前 , 通 过 录 像 带 观 看 热 门 电 视 剧 (《 新 兵 小 传 》 《 雾 锁 南 洋 》《 红 头 巾 》) 的 每 周 剧 集 。” 他 认 为 , 父 亲 将 永 远 因 远 见 卓 识 , 以 及 当 时 在 新 广 设 立 华 语 电 视 剧 部 门 而 被 铭 记 。 郑 东 发 为 我 国 公 共 服 务 作 出 突 出 贡 献 ,1963 年 获 颁 公 共 行 政 奖 章 ( 金 ),1970 年 获 颁 功 绩 奖 章 。 他 与 妻 子 郑 璇 心 育 有 一 儿 一 女 , 妻 子 已 于 2020 年 逝 世 。 在 “ 好 奇 心 之 湾 ” 的 森 林 区 , 小 朋 友 可 以 通 过 聆 听 声 音 、 感 受 光 影 等 方 式 , 在 多 媒 体 互 动 的 展 厅 内 , 沉 浸 式 探 索 藏 在 叶 片 间 的 微 小 生 命 。( 唐 家 鸿 摄 ) 安 诗 一 报 道 anshiyi@sph.com.sg 跟 随 好 奇 心 指 引 , 让 孩 童 在 玩 乐 中 探 索 湿 地 、 森 林 等 自 然 生 态 环 境 , 本 地 最 大 的 室 内 自 然 主 题 游 乐 场 将 于 11 月 21 日 正 式 开 放 。 以 自 然 生 态 为 灵 感 , 万 态 保 育 集 团 推 出 全 新 的 儿 童 游 乐 场 所 “ 好 奇 心 之 湾 ”(Curiosity Cove)。 毗 邻 新 加 坡 动 物 园 的 “ 好 奇 心 之 湾 ”, 耗 时 长 达 六 年 筹 备 , 根 据 真 实 的 科 学 知 识 和 概 念 , 专 为 3 岁 至 12 岁 儿 童 打 造 。 游 乐 园 占 地 约 4600 平 方 米 , 分 为 湿 地 、 森 林 、 草 原 和 旱 地 四 个 主 题 区 域 。 万 态 保 育 集 团 室 内 景 区 副 总 监 周 雪 妮 说 , 不 同 于 在 动 物 园 中 近 距 离 观 察 动 物 , 在 “ 好 奇 心 之 湾 ” 打 造 的 模 拟 生 态 系 统 中 , 孩 童 能 以 动 物 的 视 角 来 探 索 自 然 , 将 课 堂 和 日 常 所 学 的 知 识 和 亲 身 体 验 相 结 合 , 从 而 激 发 好 奇 心 。 通 过 攀 爬 触 摸 、 聆 听 声 音 、 感 受 光 影 、 观 察 脚 印 等 方 式 来 寻 找 动 物 的 线 索 , 孩 童 能 在 多 重 感 官 的 互 动 体 验 中 , 认 识 水 源 、 森 林 等 生 态 和 动 物 的 相 互 关 系 。 在 湿 地 区 , 小 朋 友 可 沿 着 河 岸 追 踪 动 物 脚 印 , 了 解 水 如 何 连 接 生 态 系 统 并 滋 养 万 物 , 在 珊 瑚 乐 园 探 索 海 底 世 界 的 捕 食 者 和 成 群 结 队 的 小 鱼 , 感 受 珊 瑚 礁 的 触 感 , 随 光 影 的 流 动 探 索 珊 瑚 下 的 海 洋 生 物 。 森 林 区 将 孩 童 带 到 东 南 亚 雨 林 , 从 林 地 攀 爬 到 树 冠 , 感 受 猩 猩 等 动 物 的 栖 息 环 境 。 在 草 原 区 域 , 孩 童 可 化 身 非 洲 大 草 原 的 动 物 , 感 受 捕 食 者 与 猎 物 间 的 追 逐 。 在 触 感 显 示 屏 的 水 洼 处 , 观 察 动 物 饮 水 时 的 倒 影 , 或 在 跑 跳 间 躲 避 潜 伏 在 水 下 的 鳄 鱼 。 生 态 系 统 之 间 无 缝 衔 接 草 原 之 外 是 广 袤 的 沙 漠 , 在 植 被 稀 疏 的 旱 地 区 也 有 意 想 不 到 的 生 物 在 此 生 存 。 小 朋 友 可 以 钻 进 以 巨 蛇 为 灵 感 的 游 乐 空 间 中 , 在 巨 蛇 蜿 蜒 的 肚 子 里 穿 梭 , 也 可 以 探 索 地 下 密 道 , 或 者 步 入 黑 暗 的 蝙 蝠 洞 穴 , 体 验 沙 漠 动 物 如 何 适 应 极 端 环 境 下 的 生 活 。 周 雪 妮 说 :“ 这 里 的 空 间 设 计 是 连 续 的 、 流 动 的 , 区 域 之 间 没 有 明 显 的 分 隔 , 你 不 会 感 受 到 空 间 的 突 然 变 化 , 而 是 从 一 个 生 态 系 统 无 缝 衔 接 到 另 一 个 。 我 们 也 会 继 续 不 断 优 化 这 里 的 内 容 和 体 验 。” 育 有 两 个 孩 子 的 吴 沁 欣 (34 岁 , 家 庭 主 妇 ) 说 , 她 之 前 经 常 带 大 女 儿 到 动 物 园 , 因 为 既 能 让 孩 子 接 触 大 自 然 , 也 能 学 到 动 植 物 相 关 的 知 识 。“ 我 的 儿 子 还 比 较 小 , 觉 得 之 后 可 以 带 两 个 孩 子 一 起 来 ‘ 好 奇 心 之 湾 ’, 充 分 释 放 他 们 的 精 力 和 活 力 , 有 不 一 样 的 自 然 体 验 。” “ 好 奇 心 之 湾 ” 游 乐 园 11 月 21 日 起 正 式 对 外 开 放 。 每 名 3 岁 至 12 岁 儿 童 可 由 一 名 成 人 免 费 陪 同 , 总 票 价 48 元 。 访 客 可 选 择 延 长 游 玩 时 长 , 或 购 买 多 种 超 值 套 票 组 合 , 享 受 更 多 优 惠 。 扫 描 QR 码 看 游 乐 园 现 场 有 什 么

Contents Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool This white paper was published by SP Group and Temasek. A version of the report can be found at www.ecosperity.sg. © August 2021, SP Group and Temasek. All Rights Reserved. 4 7 8 10 14 16 17 22 23 24 25 26 27 34 Forewords Executive Summary The Hot Issue of Keeping Cool District Cooling 101 Tampines Eco Town: A Distributed District Cooling Network Methodology Key Findings Key Insights The Way Forward Acknowledgements Useful Units of Measurements Conversion Factors Annex – Detailed Methodology References Forewords 04 Forewords Mr Masagos Zulkifli Adviser to Tampines GROs, Minister for Social and Family Development, Second Minister for Health and Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs Tampines aspires to transform into an Eco Town by 2025, in support of the Singapore Green Plan 2030. In recent years, our estate has been undergoing a green facelift to create a more sustainable living environment for residents. For example, we have piloted Eco Boards at lift lobbies to help residents track how much electricity and water they use as a block. We also contributed to the national renewable energy drive through the installation of solar panels on our blocks and implemented programmes to recycle food waste. These were very well received by Tampines residents and encouraged a sustainability culture at the neighbourhood level. Encouraged by these successes, we are now looking at how we can enable commercial buildings to adopt sustainable practices. Apart from being a residential estate, Tampines is also an active and mature business hub, home to an industrial park, several office complexes, and a cluster of shopping malls. There are many opportunities to do more in this area. Hence, we have offered Tampines Central as a testbed for an innovative cooling concept, known as the Distributed District Cooling (DDC) network. Conceived by SP Group, the network is a novel approach to district cooling in a brownfield development, allowing the building owners to use less energy for their cooling needs as a whole. The results of the feasibility study look promising. There is a potential of 18 per cent fall in carbon emissions – equivalent to removing 2,250 cars from the roads annually – when the DDC network takes off. This is the first time in Singapore where existing buildings in a brownfield site pool together their resources to achieve substantial carbon footprint savings. Another first for Tampines! I hope that the study will pave the way for such solutions to be explored in other townships and brownfield sites, contributing to our national sustainability efforts. One challenge that we have observed confronting building owners is energy consumption. A large part of the energy consumed in commercial buildings goes to cooling. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Forewords 05 Ms Amy Hing 1 Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment Climate change poses an existential challenge for Singapore. Sea level rise threatens our island nation, while changes in the climate jeopardise our access to essential resources such as water and food, and have consequences for public health and diseases. The Centre for Climate Research Singapore projected that by 2100, daily mean temperatures in Singapore could rise by up to 4.6 degrees Celsius. Days with peak temperatures hitting 40 degrees Celsius may appear as early as 2045. We are already experiencing such effects; four out of the last six years are amongst the top 10 warmest years recorded in Singapore. We need a whole-of-nation effort to address climate change. The Singapore Green Plan 2030 is our roadmap towards sustainable development and to achieve our long-term net-zero emissions target as soon as viable. It involves everyone – from individuals and communities to businesses and the public sector. A key pillar of the Green Plan is Energy Reset, which looks at how we can use cleaner energy and increase our energy efficiency. This is particularly relevant for our towns, which require energy for cooling needs. This study by Temasek and SP Group explores an innovative district cooling solution in a brownfield site that can potentially lower the carbon footprint while addressing the needs of residents and businesses in our tropical climate. I hope that the data and insights gained from the feasibility study will encourage more ideas and collaboration on innovative district-level solutions, bringing us closer to our goals under the Green Plan. Image: Artist’s impression of Tampines Eco Town Studying the Impact of a Source: Brownfield Tampines Distributed Town Council District Cooling Network in Singapore Forewords 06 Dr Steve Howard Chief Sustainability Officer Temasek International Mr Stanley Huang Group Chief Executive Officer SP Group The global community has moved from concern over climate change to recognising it as a climate emergency. As we see the consequences of climate change all around us, we know our window to act has been reduced. We must move with renewed urgency and greater ambition to decarbonise across sectors. One key sector is the built environment, which contributes close to 40 per cent of global energyrelated carbon emissions. A significant portion of this comes from the energy consumed by buildings, predominantly for heating or cooling. In tropical regions like Singapore where the weather is hot all year round, the demand for cooling will only increase and a more efficient way to cool buildings could significantly reduce their energy consumption and carbon emissions and reduce the burden on household budgets. We need a tripartite effort from businesses, governments, and investors to rethink the way buildings and districts are designed, built, and operated. This has the potential to generate significant economic benefits, such as reduced lifecycle costs for buildings. Temasek’s wide network of partners makes it possible to help bring together the different stakeholders necessary to address this challenge. Temasek is delighted to partner with SP Group to study the feasibility of a novel distributed district cooling concept for brownfield developments, which could provide a proof-of-concept for developed cities worldwide. Sustainable development underpins Singapore’s long-term goal to build a resilient future. Enabling urban decarbonisation is pivotal to this vision. In land-scarce Singapore, we must constantly innovate our built environment to optimise land and building resources as well as minimise our carbon footprint. In Singapore, with air-conditioning accounting for up to 50 per cent of the total energy consumed in a building, we need to redesign how interiors can be cooled in a sustainable and costeffective manner. Therein lies the solution of a district cooling network. Its benefits are fourfold: enhances energy savings, lowers cost of cooling, improves land use, and reduces carbon emissions. These are validated through SP Group’s proven track record of 100 per cent reliability and up to 40 per cent improvement in energy efficiency in building and operating Singapore’s first district cooling project at Marina Bay since 2006. We are also developing Singapore’s first residential centralised cooling system for the Tengah precinct. We are optimistic this feasibility study on a distributed district cooling network in Tampines will yield business and environmental benefits. This will pave the way for existing buildings and districts to go green and lay the cornerstone for future eco-districts. Sustainability is central to our long-term strategy, and it requires the collective effort and collaborative partnership of building owners, government agencies, the community and solution providers such as SP Group. Together we can harness our combined strengths to enable widespread adoption of sustainable energy solutions in Singapore and build green energy ecosystems for commercial districts, residential towns, and campuses for a greener and better future. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Executive Summary 07 Executive Summary 2011 to 2020 was the warmest decade on record. Earth’s six warmest years have all occurred since 2015 – yet another sign of global warming’s grip on the planet. Researchers around the globe have cautioned that this trend will not only continue, but also increase in extremity. As temperatures climb, cities are desperate to stay cool. Unfortunately, the current simplest and most mainstream solution worsens the problem – air-conditioning. They are energy guzzlers, generate more waste heat than cooling, and contribute to climate change by emitting hydrofluorocarbons, chemicals that trap heat in the atmosphere at alarming rates. There is a critical need to find a better way to cool down our living environment. One solution that has gained traction across the globe is district cooling – central cooling plants that supply chilled water to various buildings through an underground network of insulated pipes. These plants consume less energy for the same amount of cooling, free up space, and reduce lifecycle costs as buildings do not need to invest in their own chillers. Such systems are already being used in Singapore, such as the Marina Bay district – cooling more than a dozen buildings in the area, including Marina Bay Sands, the Marina Bay Financial Centre, and One Raffles Quay. There is, however, a limitation to the way district cooling systems are currently built. They are typically incorporated into the design of a new development, and hence are more suitable for greenfield sites. For built-up or brownfield sites with buildings that already have their own chiller plant systems, it becomes much harder to introduce district cooling. Hence, a novel approach – a distributed district cooling (DDC) network – is being explored in Tampines Central, under the Tampines Eco Town initiative. It was conceptualised by SP Group, a leading energy utilities company. In the DDC network, existing cooling systems of selected buildings will produce chilled water for their own cooling needs and that of other buildings within the district. A preliminary feasibility study was conducted on this DDC network concept in Tampines Central, and the results were promising. In one year, the DDC network could potentially achieve: A 17% reduction in energy consumption - enough to power 1,665 three-room HDB households for a year A 18% fall in carbon emissions from both energy savings and refrigerant reduction – equivalent to removing 2,250 cars from roads per year S$4.3 million in annual economic value from energy, equipment replacement and maintenance cost savings, as well as potential earnings from leasing out freed-up chiller plant space The findings show that the DDC network would be able to lower energy consumption and carbon footprint. It is a possible game changer that could green entire developments at one go – an attractive solution for brownfield sites such as industrial estates and existing townships. With Singapore announcing the Singapore Green Plan 2030 to address climate change and promote sustainable living, district cooling networks could open the door to a cooler and cleaner future. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore The Hot Issue of Keeping Cool 08 The Hot Issue of Keeping Cool • As temperatures rise, so does the use of air-conditioners. There are over one billion air-conditioning units in the world right now – a number that is expected to increase to 4.5 billion units by 2050. • These electrical appliances consume large amounts of energy to bring temperatures down. Cooling systems typically make up about 40 to 50 per cent of a building’s total energy consumption. • But beyond cooling you down, air-conditioners can also leak potent greenhouse gases that exacerbate climate change – leading to even higher temperatures. Air-conditioners commonly use hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as refrigerants, which are 116 to 12,400 times more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide. • The heat is on to find a more efficient way to cool. The air-conditioner is hailed as one of the most important inventions in modern history, allowing people to control and cool the weather inside. But after removing the heat and humidity indoors, airconditioners in fact lead to warmer temperatures outside, contributing to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) 1 effect. Singapore has the highest per capita installed rate of air-conditioning among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, with about 80 per cent of households owning air-conditioners. While air-conditioners can provide thermal comfort, they consume a lot of energy to do so. Air-conditioning currently accounts for up to 24 per cent of the average household electricity bill in Singapore. For an entire commercial building, cooling systems typically make up 40 to 50 per cent of its total energy consumption. Air-conditioners also often use hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) that trap heat – making them potent greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change should they leak into the atmosphere. In fact, the concentration of HFCs in the atmosphere is growing at a faster rate than that of all other greenhouses gases, and studies have shown that their growth could cancel out the entire benefit of controlling carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. On the whole, this means an enormous drain on power and a comparable jump in carbon emissions should electricity generation in Singapore continue to be dominated by fossil fuels – a future that Singapore is determined to avoid. The city-state aims to halve the amount of emissions it produces from its 2030 peak by 2050, eventually achieving net-zero emissions as soon as possible in the second half of the century. 1 The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect refers to a phenomenon where urban areas face higher temperatures than its surrounding rural areas. It is caused by the heat generated from human activities and trapped by urban surfaces such as buildings and roads. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool The Hot Issue of Keeping Cool 09 DID YOU KNOW? In Singapore, urban built-up areas can be up to 7°C warmer than areas that are more rural. Recognising the need for more sustainable living, the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) set up a SG Eco Office in March 2020 to spearhead and coordinate sustainability projects across Singapore. Cooling is an important part of this work. Building owners, developers, and regulators need to rethink their cooling systems. One town that is doing so is Tampines, which is transforming into an Eco Town where the spirit of sustainability is built into its infrastructure and instilled in its community. It has piloted dashboards at the lift lobbies of several residential blocks to help residents track electricity and water usage as a block, introduced programmes to recycle food waste, and potentially having the greatest impact – it is studying the possibility of implementing a novel distributed district cooling network. This report takes a closer look at a preliminary feasibility study on a proposed cooling network that involved 14 commercial buildings in Tampines Central. The following sections will include details of the study’s methodology, and the resulting energy savings and reduction in carbon emissions among the buildings. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore District Cooling 101 10 District Cooling 101 • District cooling is a modern and efficient way to provide air-conditioning for a network of buildings, where chilled water is supplied from centralised cooling plants. • The benefits of district cooling include enhanced energy savings, lowered lifecycle costs, and reduced carbon emissions. A District Cooling System Imagine a giant air-conditioner that can cool an entire district of buildings, rather than just individual buildings – but greener and more energy efficient. How does it work? 1 Chilled water is generated in a central cooling plant. 2 A closed loop network of underground insulated pipes distributes the chilled water to each customer’s building. OFFICE BUILDINGS RETAIL BUILDINGS COMMUNITY CENTRES 3 When the chilled water reaches the customer’s building, energy transfer stations within each building circulate the cold energy from the network into the building’s airconditioning system, which dehumidifies and cools the air. COOLING TOWERS 3 4 4 The warmer water is then circulated to the cooling plant, via the return pipes, to be chilled again. The whole process repeats itself. 5 2 Chilled water (4 to 7°C) Warmer water (12 to 14°C) 5 Thermal storage tanks (if used*), are designed to store cold energy, in the form of ice or chilled water. Thermal storage tanks help to regulate cooling demand and provide resilience. 1 Energy transfer station CENTRAL COOLING PLANT Thermal storage tank *Not all district cooling system plants deploy thermal storage tanks. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool District Cooling 101 11 Benefits of district cooling systems Improves efficiency A chiller plant system in one building is unlikely to be operating at its optimal efficiency at all times due to partial loading conditions. This is typical during actual operations, where the cooling demand of a building fluctuates. However, a district cooling system is expected to operate closer to its optimal efficiency level most of the time as it will accurately select the most suitable mix of chillers to meet the aggregated cooling demand. Saves energy Larger systems typically consume less electricity for the same amount of cooling due to economies of scale, which improves the energy efficiency of the system. When combined with thermal storage capabilities, the system can further reduce peak electricity demand for cooling by shifting chilled water production to periods where there is less demand on the electricity grid. Frees up space Each building no longer needs to house its own cooling equipment, which means that building owners are able to use the freed-up space for other purposes, or even lease them out. Cuts costs Building owners no longer need to buy their own chillers or incur operating and maintenance costs. The need to invest in additional chillers to buffer for potential increases in cooling needs and provide redundancy is also eliminated. Reduces carbon footprint With an overall reduction in refrigerants used, the amount of harmful HFCs emitted into the environment will be reduced as well. In addition, a reduction in overall energy consumption will in turn lower carbon emissions. Provides the network effect The initial cost of building the district cooling infrastructure may be high. However, once the infrastructure is laid, the cost of connecting an additional building will be significantly lower. Over time, the benefits that the system brings to customers would significantly outweigh the costs of connecting them to the network. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore District Cooling 101 12 CASE STUDY A cool secret beneath Marina Bay Lying 25 metres beneath the ground in Singapore’s Marina Bay district is the world’s largest underground district cooling system. Designed, built, and operated by SP Group, the system produces up to 35,000 refrigeration tons (RT) of chilled water each hour, and serves 16 developments in the area, including Marina Bay Sands, the Marina Bay Financial Centre, and One Raffles Quay. Water is chilled to 4.5 degrees Celsius at two cooling plants before being transported to the buildings through five kilometres of insulated underground network pipes. The chilled water is used to provide air-conditioning for the buildings by cooling the air circulating in the occupied spaces in each building before being pumped back to the plants to be chilled again. This cycle is then repeated. The heat extracted from the buildings is carried by the water back to the plants and released into the surrounding environment through large cooling towers above ground. Building owners using the district cooling system have enjoyed significant energy savings and carbon emissions reduction. By centralising the production of chilled water and removing the need for buildings to have their own chiller plant, the district cooling system has also freed up some 25,000 square metres of prime land space for other uses, such as the Marina Bay Sands infinity pool, which is also the world’s largest rooftop infinity pool. Building owners using the system have enjoyed significant energy savings and carbon emissions reduction. The system has also freed up some 25,000 m 2 of prime land space for other uses. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool 13 Can district cooling be applied to existing developments? Given the engineering complexity and the significant upfront infrastructure costs involved, a district cooling system is typically introduced in greenfield developments, where it is integrated into the design of the development – like the Marina Bay case study. But in a highly developed city like Singapore, where majority of land has been built up and individual building owners already equipped with their own chiller plants, how can the concept of district cooling still be applied? Tampines Eco Town: A Distributed District Cooling Network 14 Tampines Eco Town: A Distributed District Cooling Network The proposed Distributed District Cooling (DDC) network comprises 14 buildings interconnected via insulated network pipes. Instead of constructing a new centralised cooling plant, buildings in the DDC network with existing excess chiller capacity act as injection nodes, supplying chilled water to cool the rest of the buildings in the network. To find out if district cooling could be applied to existing developments or brownfield sites, a study was conducted at Tampines Central. It involved 14 buildings – a mix of retail and commercial premises, and data centres – each with its own chiller plant system. An initial assessment made on the 14 buildings’ existing cooling capacity yielded the following results: A total annual cooling load of 42,897,215 RTh/year, of which 88% belonged to chiller plant loads and 12% belonged to unitary systems A current total installed cooling capacity of 25,836 RT, which exceeds the hourly peak operating cooling load of 8,395 RT by three times 88% Chiller plant loads Peak cooling load 12% Unitary systems Installed cooling capacity A unitary system refers to self-contained airconditioning that provides cooling to a localised zone. The common examples are Multi-room split units, Variable Refrigerant Volume units, and Packaged units. Unitary systems are popular among users who require cooling for a specific area that the building might not have previously catered for (e.g. tenanted space and server rooms). Unitary systems are typically less efficient than chiller-based systems. x 3x The results indicate that there were chillers operating at partial capacity and redundant chillers that were not in operation at all. This presented an opportunity to optimise the usage of the existing chiller plant systems to reduce the overall energy consumption and, ultimately, the greenhouse gas emissions of the buildings. Applying the principles of district cooling, SP Group conceptualised a Distributed District Cooling (DDC) network, where 14 buildings would be interconnected via insulated pipes that distribute and circulate chilled water in a closed loop. The key to the energy savings for the DDC network, compared to buildings operating their own chiller plants individually, lies in the concept of an integrated operation. Through the consolidation of individual buildings, the DDC network is able to choose the best combination of chillers amongst the different chiller plants to most efficiently meet the fluctuating cooling demands throughout day and night. A few existing chiller plants are chosen to serve as “injection nodes” 2 , producing and supplying chilled water to meet the cooling demands of all buildings within the network. This would allow the required installed cooling capacity to be streamlined to meet actual cooling demands, allowing the chiller systems to operate at optimum efficiency. The remaining excess capacities would subsequently be trimmed once these redundant chillers reach their end-of-life. 2 The chiller plants that were selected to serve as injection nodes typically had excess capacities (≥1000 RT) and very good energy efficiencies (≤0.68 kW/RT). Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Tampines Eco Town: A Distributed District Cooling Network 15 The 14 Buildings Involved in the Feasibility Study of the DDC Network in Tampines Central 1 6 10 13 8 12 3 4 5 11 2 9 7 14 1 7 & 9 Tampines Grande 6 OCBC Tampines Centre One 11 Tampines Plaza 1 DDC network pipes 2 Century Square 7 OCBC Tampines Centre Two 12 Tampines Plaza 2 3 CPF Tampines Building 8 Our Tampines Hub 13 Telepark 4 Income At Tampines Junction 9 Tampines Mall 14 UOB Tampines Centre 5 Income At Tampines Point 10 Tampines One Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore Methodology 16 Methodology The energy savings and reduction in refrigerant that the DDC network could offer over the Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario, over 30 years, were first calculated. 30 years is the typical tenure of a district cooling project. Thereafter, the total carbon emission reduction and long-term economic value were determined. More detailed information on the study’s methodology can be found in the Annex. STEP 1 What are the energy savings? Calculate the difference in the amount of energy consumed to cool the 14 buildings between the DDC network and the BAU scenario over 30 years. Calculate the resulting carbon emissions reduction from the energy savings (A), using the EMA Grid Emissions Factor. 3 STEP 2 What is the reduction in refrigerant used? Calculate the difference in the type and amount of refrigerant used to cool the 14 buildings between the DDC network and the BAU scenario over 30 years. Calculate the resulting carbon emissions reduction from the reduction in refrigerant used (B). STEP 3 What is the total reduction in carbon emissions? Total carbon emissions reduction from using the DDC system over 30 years = A + B. STEP 4 What is the long-term economic value? Calculate the economic value of the DDC network over 30 years from: • Electricity bill savings • Capacity charge savings • Carbon tax savings • Potential rental earnings if the freed-up • Equipment replacement cost savings chiller plant space were to be leased out • Operation and maintenance cost savings 3 The Grid Emission Factor (GEF) measures the average CO 2 emissions emitted per MWh of electricity generated. For the study, the EMA GEF (2019) of 0.4085 kgCO 2 /kWh was used. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Key Findings Tampines Eco Town Distributed District Cooling Network Feasibility Study ENERGY CONSUMPTION CARBON EMISSIONS 17% reduction An annual savings of 5,321,432 kWh Enough to power 1,665 3-room HDB households in a year 18% reduction An annual decrease of 2,475 tonnes of CO 2 e Equivalent to taking 2,250 cars off the road per year ECONOMIC VALUE $130 million over 30 years Or $4.3 million a year, mainly from: Energy, maintenance, and equipment replacement cost savings Potential earnings from leasing out freed-up chiller plant space Key Findings 18 Key Findings Energy Savings of 17% In the BAU scenario, the efficiencies of the chiller plants ranged from 0.57 to 0.83 kW/RT, and the efficiency of the unitary systems was 1.57 kW/RT. This results in a weighted average system efficiency of 0.765 kW/RT from all the cooling systems across the 14 buildings. In comparison, the DDC network’s efficiency is targeted to be maintained at 0.620 kW/RT or better across 30 years. In addition, the DDC network would be operated by a third-party professional service operator and comply with the National Environment Agency’s (NEA) Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES) requirements by 2025/2029, which would help to ensure more consistent and efficient system performance over long periods. Therefore, moving to the DDC network would save the 14 buildings approximately 5,321,432 kWh of energy a year, or 17 per cent of the BAU energy consumption – enough to power 1,665 three-room HDB households. With less energy expended, carbon emissions would also be reduced. The annual average carbon emissions reduction would be 2,174 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO 2 e) – equivalent to taking 1,976 cars off the roads per year. Potential energy savings from moving to the DDC network Carbon emissions reduction from the potential energy savings from moving to the DDC network 17% 17% 31,917,705 26,596,273 13,038 10,865 BAU scenario DDC network Annualised average energy consumption (kWH) BAU scenario DDC network Annualised average carbon emissions (tonne-CO 2 e) Moving to the DDC network would save enough energy to power 1,665 3-room HDB households in a year. The annual average carbon emissions reduction is equivalent to taking 1,976 cars off the roads per year. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Key Findings 19 Refrigerant Reduction of 76% Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are commonly used as refrigerants 4 in cooling systems and contribute more to global warming than CO 2 . They are released into the environment mainly through cooling equipment leakages. A HFC leakage rate of two per cent a year was assumed for this study. The combined hourly cooling load demand from both chiller plant and unitary systems of the 14 buildings peaks at around 8,395 RT. However, the current total installed capacity is about three times more at 25,836 RT (24,446 RT from chiller systems and 1,390 RT from unitary systems). In comparison, the DDC network is designed to have a total chiller capacity of 10,280 RT. As the DDC network has a much smaller installed chiller capacity compared to the BAU scenario, significantly less amount of refrigerant will be used. In addition, the BAU unitary systems use the R-32 refrigerant, which has a higher global warming potential 5 compared to the refrigerant used by the chillers. Once the buildings are interconnected in the DDC network, unitary systems will no longer be required as buildings would be able to enjoy the chilled water services at all times, removing the need for unitary systems to provide ad-hoc cooling. This would also lead to lower carbon emission numbers. The annual average carbon emissions reduction would be 301 tCO 2 e – equivalent to taking 273 cars off the road per year. Carbon emissions reduction from the potential reduction in refrigerant used in the DDC network 395 94 76% As the DDC network has a much smaller installed chiller capacity compared to the BAU scenario, significantly less amount of refrigerant will be used. BAU scenario DDC network Annualised average carbon emissions from refrigerant use (tonne-CO 2 e) The annual average carbon emissions reduction is equivalent to taking 273 cars off the roads per year. 4 Refrigerant is a compound typically found in either a fluid or gaseous state. It readily absorbs heat from the environment and can provide refrigeration or air-conditioning when combined with other components such as compressors and evaporators. 5 The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of CO 2 . The larger the GWP, the more a given gas warms the Earth compared to CO 2 over that time period. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore Key Findings 20 Carbon Emission Reduction of 18% The total carbon emissions reduction is calculated by adding the carbon emissions reduction from the energy savings and reduction in refrigerant used. The annual average carbon emissions reduction would be 2,475 tCO 2 e, or an 18 per cent reduction from the BAU scenario – equivalent to taking 2,250 cars off the roads per year. Total carbon emission reduction from moving to the DDC network 18% 13,433 10,958 BAU scenario DDC network Total carbon emissions from energy and refrigerant use (tonne-CO 2 e) Carbon emissions (tonne-CO 2 e) from BAU energy consumption: 13,038 from BAU refrigerant use: 395 from DDC network energy consumption: 10,865 from DDC network refrigerant use: 94 Carbon emissions reduction (tonne-CO 2 e) from energy savings: 2,174 from reduction in refrigerant use: 324 Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool The annual average carbon emissions reduction is equivalent to taking 2,250 cars off the roads per year. Key Findings 21 Long Term Economic Value of $130M Besides clear environmental gains from the reduction in carbon emissions, building owners in the DDC network also stand to gain tangible monetary benefits. These include: • Electricity bill savings: With less energy consumed, electricity bills will be reduced. • Carbon tax savings: Singapore had implemented a carbon tax scheme on 1 January 2019 at a rate of S$5/tCO 2 e, from 2019 to 2023. 6 With carbon emissions reduced through the DDC network, building owners will pay less carbon tax. • Equipment replacement cost savings: In the BAU scenario, unitary systems have to be replaced every 10 years, while chiller plants have to be replaced every 15 years – capital costs that building owners will incur. With the DDC network, unitary systems are no longer required, and the installed capacity of the chiller plants will be significantly reduced from 25,836 RT to 10,280 RT to match the cooling needs of the district. As such, less capital expenditure will be incurred during a replacement cycle for the DDC network. • Maintenance cost savings: With the installed chiller plant capacity significantly decreased, maintenance costs will be lower. • Capacity charge savings: Connection to the DDC network will result in a diversified load with lower peak demand compared to the BAU scenario. This will translate to lower capacity charges (associated with peak demand) for the DDC network. • Potential rental earnings: For buildings that are not injection nodes, their existing chiller plant room space could potentially be freed up and converted to a retail or office space. This could serve as an additional revenue stream in the form of rental income for building owners. Using a DDC network over 30 years, approximately S$70,646,644 in lifecycle costs can be saved, and up to an additional S$58,985,393 in commercial value can be unlocked through the leasing of freed-up chiller plant space. The potential economic value of the DDC network (S$) 7 58,985,393 129,632,037 Sources of cost savings & their value over 30 yrs (S$) Equipment replacement: 23,055,913 70,646,644 Maintenance: 22,948,920 Electricity bill: 19,380,654 Capacity charge: 3,700,051 Carbon tax: 1,561,106 Total cost savings Potential rental earnings Total economic value 6 Please refer to the Annex – Detailed Methodology for the full carbon tax scheme in Singapore. 7 Please refer to the Annex – Detailed Methodology for the assumptions used in the calculation of each source of economic value. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore Key Insights 22 Key Insights • Planning for optionality is important when embarking on greenfield projects. It helps to accommodate future works, thereby becoming more cost-effective in the long run as there is less disruption to the surrounding infrastructure. • Making the DDC network attractive to building owners is important as it encourages greater participation that contributes to the best district-level outcome. 1 2 In any brownfield development, a retrofit project can be complicated as there is often the need to navigate the existing built environment while ensuring minimal disruption to existing operations. This could also affect the economic viability of the project. Therefore, as today’s greenfield development becomes tomorrow’s brownfield development, it is important for developers and city planners to consider and build in optionality from the start when embarking on greenfield developments. This would help in accommodating future works while avoiding the complex challenges of retrofitting projects. A case in point would be the Marina Bay district, which was planned with optionality in mind. It has a common services tunnel that alleviates the need to dig up pavements or roads when additional underground pipes have to be installed to meet the needs of future developments. While the short-term costs of building a common services tunnel are high, it becomes more costeffective in the long run. This would allow district-level solutions such as a DDC network to be implemented in a brownfield site without incurring exorbitant costs and adversely affecting the current surroundings. In a district-level system, greater participation paves the way for better outcomes due to economies of scale, and because certain critical roles may need to be fulfilled by specific stakeholders. It is then useful to consider how incentives may be designed to ensure not only maximum participation, but also the participation of those critical to the success of the system. For instance, the proposed DDC network in Tampines Central comprises injection nodes and off-takers. Off-taker buildings will no longer have to house a chiller plant system, which frees up space for leasing to earn additional rental income. This makes it attractive for buildings to come on board as off-takers. On the other hand, while injection-node buildings will be compensated through lease and rental payments by the DDC network operator for housing chiller plants, the earnings may not compare to the more sizeable rental income that off-taker buildings could potentially enjoy. As injection nodes play a critical role in the viability of the overall DDC network, it is important to consider how the role could be made more attractive to building owners. Some possibilities could include providing Gross Floor Area (GFA) 8 credits to injection node buildings or providing additional recognition through awards or certification programmes. 8 All covered floor areas of a building, except otherwise exempted, and uncovered areas for commercial uses, are deemed the gross floor area of the building. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool The Way Forward 23 The Way Forward Based on the key findings from the feasibility study, if a DDC network were to be implemented in Tampines Central, it would have the potential to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions by 17 per cent and 18 per cent respectively, and provide economic value of some S$130 million over 30 years. Electricity consumption in buildings and households contribute to approximately 20 per cent of Singapore’s overall annual carbon emissions. A large portion of this is due to cooling, which consumes about 40 per cent of electricity in buildings and households. This means that cooling alone contributes roughly 8 per cent of our nation’s annual carbon emissions. Should district cooling be scaled nationwide, Singapore is likely to see significant carbon emissions reduction and economic benefits. With the announcement of the Singapore Green Plan 2030 to address climate change and promote sustainable living, there is a strong impetus to explore the implementation of more district-level solutions, like the DDC network, to achieve a cleaner and greener future for all. To scale such solutions in Singapore, it will be vital for all relevant stakeholders to come together to remove any regulatory impediments, build with the future in mind, and design incentives to encourage maximum participation of all. If a DDC network were to be implemented in Tampines Central, it could provide economic value of some S$130 million over 30 years. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore Acknowledgements 24 Acknowledgements Temasek and SP Group would like to thank all the organisations and individuals that have contributed to this study. Special thanks to the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment, particularly its SG Eco Office, for the support in facilitating discussions with relevant government agencies throughout the study. Core Study Team Temasek Frederick Teo, Managing Director, Sustainable Solutions Soh Hui Qing, Vice President, Sustainable Solutions Ong Shu Fen, Senior Associate, Sustainable Solutions SP Group S. Harsha, Managing Director, Sustainable Energy Solutions Foo Yang Kwang, Chief Engineer, Singapore District Cooling Richard Chin, Deputy Director, Partnerships, Sustainable Energy Solutions Melvin Fong, Principal Engineer, Sustainable Energy Solutions Technical Advisor Building System & Diagnostics Pte Ltd (BSD) Yong Ping Quen, Technical Director Lim Xing Hao, Senior Engineer Rachel Lam Xin Yi, Executive Engineer Tan Shi Hao, Executive Engineer Participating Buildings and their Owners CapitaLand Tampines Mall Telepark Central Provident Fund Board CPF Tampines Building Frasers Property Century Square Tampines One EVIA Real Estate and Metro Holdings 7 & 9 Tampines Grande NTUC Income Income At Tampines Point Income At Tampines Junction OCBC Bank OCBC Tampines Centre One OCBC Tampines Center Two People’s Association Our Tampines Hub UIC Tampines Plaza 1 Tampines Plaza 2 UOB UOB Tampines Centre Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Useful Units of Measurements 25 Useful Units of Measurements Refrigerant Ton (RT) A refrigerant ton refers to the rate of heat removal required to freeze a metric ton (1000kg) of water at 0 degree Celsius in 24 hours. It is a widely adopted unit of measurement for the cooling capacity of a refrigeration machine. System Efficiency (kW/RT) The system efficiency is computed based on the annual energy consumption (kWh) of the system over the annual cooling consumption in RTh. Therefore, the unit is in kW/RT. Tonne of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (Tonne-CO 2 e or tCO 2 e) This is a standard measurement used to express the warming impact of other greenhouse gases in terms of the amount of CO 2 emissions that would create the same amount of warming. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore Conversion Factors 26 Conversion Factors As used in “Key Findings” Item Conversion References EMA grid emission factor (GEF) in 2019 1 kWh = 0.4085 kg-CO 2 e Information adapted from EMA Singapore Energy Statistics (SES) 2020 - T2.4 www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch08/index9 Annual energy consumption of a 3-room HDB flat 1 flat = 266.3 kWh/month x12 = 3,195.6kWh/year 2019 EMA Singapore Energy Statistics: www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch03/index3 Annual carbon emissions from 1 internal combustion engine (ICE) car 1 car = 1.1 tCO 2 e/year Information adapted from the LTA’s Fuel Economy Calculator: vrl.lta.gov.sg/lta/vrl/action/pubfunc?ID=FuelCostCalculator Assumptions: • Average daily traveling distance: 9.5 km per trip reported by LTA • Assumed 750 trips per year (2 times per day) As used in “Annex - Detailed Methodology” Item Conversion References Carbon emissions from R-134a refrigerant for a centrifugal chiller Carbon emissions from R-134a refrigerant for a screw chiller Carbon emissions from R-1233zd(E) refrigerant for a centrifugal chiller Carbon emissions from R-410A refrigerant Carbon emissions from R-32 refrigerant 1 RT = 1.8875 tCO 2 e Information adapted from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) 9 guidelines and chiller specifications 1 RT = 1.8616 tCO 2 e 1 RT = 0.0045 tCO 2 e 1 RT = 1.6982 tCO 2 e 1 RT = 0.5511 tCO 2 e Global warming potential (GWP): • R-134a = 1300 • R-123 = 79 • R-1233zd(E) = 1 • R-410A = 1924 • R-32 = 677 Maximum refrigerant charge: • R-134a Centrifugal Chiller = 2.91 lb/tCO 2 • R-134a Screw Chiller = 2.87 lb/tCO 2 • R-123 Centrifugal Chiller = 2.00 lb/tCO 2 • R-123 Screw Chiller = 1.97 lb/tCO 2 • R-1233zd(E) Centrifugal Chiller = 2.00 lb/tCO 2 • R-410A Unitary System = 1.80 lb/tCO 2 • R-32 Unitary System = 1.80 lb/tCO 2 Unit conversion: 1 lb = 0.4536 kg 9 LEED is an internationally recognised green building certification system developed by the non-profit organisation, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). It includes a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, homes, and neighbourhoods which aims to encourage building owners and operators to be more environmentally responsible and to use resources efficiently. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Annex: Detailed Methodology 27 Annex: Detailed Methodology STEP 1 Calculation of the energy savings and resulting carbon emission reduction First, the cooling load profiles of the 14 buildings were generated using the information collected from the building owners via the following documents (in the order of most to least reliable): 1 Operating System Efficiency (OSE) Report • The cooling load profile was studied, typically from 9am to 6pm for commercial buildings and from 9am to 10pm for retail buildings. • Several buildings have night loads, but these were not reported, and hence assumptions were made: – The night load will be based on the last hour’s load (if no building management system raw data is available) and the equipment run status; – The night time cooling system efficiency was estimated based on equipment specifications. 2 Building Management System (BMS) Raw Data • The raw data was scrutinised, and any anomalies or outliers were removed. • The 24-hour cooling load profile and cooling system efficiency were then calculated using the BMS raw data. 3 Energy Audit Report • The cooling load hourly profile was studied and the values estimated. • Several buildings have night loads, but these were not reported, and hence assumptions were made: – The night load will be based on the last hour’s load (if no building management system raw data is available) and the equipment run status; – The night time cooling system efficiency was estimated based on equipment specifications. – The corresponding energy consumptions are calculated and verified with the energy end-use distribution. 4 Electricity Bills • Some buildings do not have any cooling system data to work with. To include these buildings in the study, assumptions were made based on other existing buildings’ operation data. The assumptions can be seen in the table on page 28. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore Annex: Detailed Methodology 28 Assumptions used to determine cooling load of buildings with no cooling system data Input Parameters Space/Equipment Reasonable Assumptions Remarks Operating Hours Commercial 2,349 h/year • Based on BCA GM NRB 2015 typical commercial hours of 9am to 6pm daily, 5 days per week Cooling Load Commercial 50 W/m 2 GFA • BCA reported average commercial cooling demand of 72W/m 2 (For AC area) • Adjusted to 50 W/m 2 , based on AC area: non-AC area of 70%:30% Lighting Power Density (LPD) Commercial 15 W/m 2 • Baseline LPD from GM V4.1: SS530-2006 Data Centre (DC) 10 W/m 2 (With diversity of 20%) • Baseline DC LPD from GM V4.1, 20% diversity mainly for maintenance, if not usually off Equipment Power Density Commercial 12 W/m 2 • Based on average office operation data collected for Green Mark Projects that have completed verification work AC System Efficiency Chiller plant 0.750 kW/RT • Assumed average figure by SP Group and BSD Air Distribution Systems (Fan Coil Units, Air Handing Units and Precool Units) Computer Room Air- Conditioning (CRAC) 0.470 kW/RT • Derived from existing buildings’ data 0.327 kW/RT • Derived from typical CRAC efficiency of 0.350 W/CHM and difference in temperature (dT) of 17 degrees Celsius Unitary System (Split Units, VRFs/VRVs) 0.930 kW/RT (for split-units) 0.808 kW/RT (for VRF/VRV) • NEA Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) – As of June 2021 Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Annex: Detailed Methodology 29 After the cooling loads were generated, the annual energy consumption from the chiller plant and unitary systems of the 14 buildings can be calculated for both the BAU scenario and DDC network using the following formula: Energy consumption kWh year RTh = Combined cooling load x year System efficiencies kW RT Over time, chiller plants and unitary systems will inevitably suffer from degradation. This degradation was factored in to provide a more accurate projection and accounts for an increase in the energy consumption of the buildings. The chillers in the DDC network and the chiller plants of buildings with Green Mark awards are assumed to not suffer from any degradation as the DDC network operator or building owner is required to maintain certain efficiency levels in order to comply with the respective building codes or Green Mark award. The methodology to determine the resultant energy savings and carbon emissions reduction in the long term (over 30 years) is as follows: 1 Incorporate chiller plant and unitary systems degradation factors to the BAU chiller plant and unitary system efficiency. The assumptions are as follows: a Chiller plants degradation: 1% per year (for non-Green Mark buildings) b Unitary systems degradation: 5% per year c Proposed DDC baseline efficiency: 0.620 kW/RT d For buildings that are Non-Green Mark Certified, we assume that their minimum efficiency upon retrofit is 0.750 kW/RT (to comply with latest BCA Existing Building Legislation) e For buildings that are currently under BCA Green Mark Scheme, we assume that their minimum efficiency upon retrofit will maintain their respective Green Mark ratings f For Unitary Systems, we assume their minimum efficiency to be of 0.776 kW/RT for split-units and equivalent 3-tick efficiencies for VRFs respectively (according to latest NEA’s Minimum Energy Performance Standards) 2 Compute the BAU and DDC network energy consumption and resulting energy savings over a period of 30 years. The annualised average figures are obtained by dividing by 30. 3 Compute the carbon emissions reduction from energy savings over 30 years. The annualised average figures are obtained by dividing by 30. The carbon emissions reduction is calculated using the following formula: Carbon emissions reduction, 30 years (tonne-CO 2 e) = Total energy savings (kWh) x EMA Grid Emission Factor tonne-CO 2 e kWh Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore Annex: Detailed Methodology 30 STEP 2 Calculation of the reduction in refrigerant from stranded capacity & the resultant carbon emissions reduction Documents provided by the building owners were used to identify the installed capacity and refrigerant types of the chillers and unitary systems of the 14 buildings. Most of the installed chillers and unitary systems run on hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants which have relatively high global warming potential (GWP). At present, the installed water-cooled chillers are running on either the R-134a or R123 refrigerants and unitary systems are running on the R-410A refrigerant. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Singapore authorities have introduced measures such as banning equipment that use high GWP refrigerants and introducing climate-friendly alternatives such as hydrofluroolefin (HFO) refrigerants which are lower in GWP. Examples of HFOs are R-1233zd(E) for chillers and R32 for unitary systems. The methodology to determine the reduction in refrigerant from stranded capacity and the resultant carbon emissions reduction is as follows: 1 Identify installed cooling capacity, replacement cycles, and refrigerant leakage rates of chillers and unitary systems, according to the LEED guidelines, in the BAU scenario and DDC network. The current installed capacities from all buildings amounts to 25,836 RT, where 24,446 RT is from chiller systems, and 1,390 RT is from unitary systems. The combined hourly cooling load demand from chiller plant and unitary systems is shown to peak at around 8,395 RT. In the proposed DDC network, the total utilised chiller capacity is 10,280 RT. 2 Identify the refrigerant type for the first and subsequent replacement cycles. The summary of installed cooling capacity, replacement cycle, refrigerant leakage rates, and refrigerant types for the BAU and DDC network scenarios are shown in the table below. Refrigerant Type Scenario System Capacity Assumed Leakage Rate Replacement Cycle 1 st cycle 2 nd cycle onwards BAU Unitary 1,390 RT 2.0% per year 10 years R-410A R-32 DDC network Chillers 24,446 RT 2.0% per year 15 years R-123, R-134a Chillers 10,280 RT 2.0% per year 15 years R-123, R-134a R-1233zd(E) R-1233zd(E) Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Annex: Detailed Methodology 31 3 Calculate BAU and DDC network carbon equivalent emissions from refrigerant leakage and refrigerant impact over a period of 30 years. The annualised average figures are obtained by dividing by 30. Carbon emissions (tonne-CO 2 e) Combined cooling Refrigerant lb = capacities (RT) x charge x RT Mass conversion factor tonne-CO 2 e lb from LEED guidelines 4 Calculate the resultant carbon equivalent emissions reduction for 30 years. The annualised average figure is obtained by dividing by 30. Carbon emission reduction, 30 years (tonne-CO 2 e) BAU carbon emissions, = 30 years (tonne-CO - 2 e) DDC carbon emissions, 30 years (tonne-CO 2 e) Certain key assumptions were made. Firstly, for the first replacement cycle, only carbon equivalent emissions due to refrigerant leakages were considered as there would not be any new installations. For subsequent replacement cycles, the impact on refrigerant changes due to the installation of new chillers and unitary systems were considered as well. The chiller and unitary systems were also assumed to be replaced with that of a refrigerant that complies with the latest authority requirements. By 4 th Quarter 2022, the National Environmental Agency (NEA) will ban the supply of water-cooled chillers using refrigerants with a GWP of more than 15 and household air-conditioners with GWP of more than 750. For the study, chillers previously using R-123 and R-134a refrigerants were assumed to be replaced with chillers using the R-1233zd(E) refrigerant (which has GWP of 1) after the first replacement cycle. Likewise, for unitary systems previously using the R-410A refrigerant, they would be assumed to use the R-32 refrigerant (which has GWP less than 750) after the first replacement cycle. Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore Annex: Detailed Methodology 32 STEP 3 Calculation of the total carbon emissions reduction from using the DDC network Resultant carbon emission reduction (tonne−CO 2 e) from using the DDC network over 30 years Carbon emission reduction = from energy savings + (tonne−CO 2 e) Carbon emission reduction from reduction in refrigerant used (tonne−CO 2 e) STEP 1 STEP 2 The annualised average figure is then obtained by dividing by 30. STEP 4 Calculation of the long-term economic value from using the DDC network over 30 years The economic value was calculated in terms of electricity bill savings, carbon tax savings, equipment replacement cost savings, maintenance cost savings, peak demand savings, and potential earnings if the chiller plant space were to be leased out over a period of 30 years. A summary of the calculation methodology and the assumptions made is shown in the table on page 33. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Annex: Detailed Methodology 33 Calculation methodology and assumptions used to determine long-term economic value of the DDC network Source of Economic Value Calculation Methodology (30 Years Cumulative) Assumptions Electricity Bill Savings from Operational Energy Savings Energy Cost Saving over 30 Years (S$) = [BAU Energy Consumption −DDC Network Energy Consumption] x Tariff Rate Tariff Rate: S$0.1214/kWh Carbon Tax Savings Carbon Tax Reduction over 30 Years (S$) = [BAU Carbon Emissions −DDC Network Carbon Emissions] x Carbon Tax Rate at Respective Year Carbon Tax Rates (per tCO 2 e): Year 2021-2023: S$5 Year 2024-2029: S$10 Year 2030-2039: S$25 Year 2040-2055: S$50 Equipment Replacement Cost Savings from Reduction in Stranded Capacity Maintenance Cost Savings from Reduction in Stranded Capacity Peak Demand Savings from Operational Energy Savings Potential Earnings from Leasing Out Freed-up Chiller Plant Space Replacement Cost Savings, 30 years (S$) = BAU Replacement Cost – DDC Network Replacement Cost Where, Replacement Cost = No. of Replacement Cycles in 30 Years x Replacement Cost per Cycle for Respective Chiller Plants or Unitary Systems = [30 Years / Replacement Cycle Years] x [Replacement Cost Rates x Installed Capacity] Maintenance Cost Savings, 30 years (S$) = [BAU Chiller Plant Installed Capacity – DDC Network Installed Capacity] x Annual Maintenance Cost x 30 Years Peak Demand Cost Savings, 30 Years (S$) = BAU Peak Demand Cost – DDC Network Peak Demand Cost Where, BAU Peak Demand Cost (S$) = Sum of {[Annual Cooling Energy Consumption for Individual Buildings (kWh) / Annual Cooling Load for Individual (RTh)] x Individual Building Peak Cooling Demand (RT) Over 30 Years for All 14 Buildings} x Monthly Peak Demand Cost x 12 Months DDC Network Peak Demand Cost (S$) = Sum of {DDC Network Maximum Efficiency over 30 Years (kW/RT) x Annual Maximum Cooling Load of All 14 Buildings (RT) over 30 Years} x Monthly Peak Demand Cost x 12 Months Potential Earnings from Leasing Out Chiller Plant Room Space, 30 Years (S$) = [BAU Chiller Plant Room Area that may be converted to retail space (m 2 ) x Annual Retail Leasing Rate per m 2 ] + [BAU Chiller Plant Room Space that may be converted to office space (m 2 ) x Annual Office Leasing Rate per m 2 ] Replacement Cost Rates: DDC Network and BAU Chillers: S$1,500/RT BAU Unitary Systems: $650/RT Replacement Cycle Years: DDC Network and BAU Chillers: 15 years BAU Unitary Systems: 10 years Annual Maintenance Cost: S$54/RT Monthly Peak Demand Cost: S$8.90/kW DDC Plant Efficiency (kW/RT): 0.62 Monthly Leasing Rates: Retail: S$20 psf Office: S$6 psf Studying the Impact of a Brownfield Distributed District Cooling Network in Singapore References 34 References Fernaughty, Karen, and Danny Parker. “Evaluation of Air Conditioning Performance Degradation: Opportunities from Diagnostic Methods.” Florida Solar Energy Center, 17 Aug. 2018, publications.energyresearch.ucf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/FSEC-PF-474-18.pdf. 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Tan, Audrey. “Problem of Cooling in a Hotter Singapore.” The Straits Times, 9 Feb. 2021, www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/problem-of-cooling-in-a-hotter-singapore-0. Zhongmin, Shi, et al. “Building Regulations and Urban Policies as Incentives for Application of District Cooling Systems in Singapore.” World Sustainable Built Environment Conference 2017 Hong Kong, 2017, doi: doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010811301. Fuel Economy Data, Fuel Cost Calculator, vrl.lta.gov.sg/lta/vrl/action/ pubfunc?ID=FuelCostCalculator. Taking The Heat Off Cooling: A Greener Way to Cool Editorial: The Nutgraf Team: Sue-Ann Chia, Samantha Boh, Ignatius Koh Design: Studio Giraffe